Journal of Heredity 2003:94(2)
© 2003 The American Genetic Association 94:133-147
Population Structure of Anopheles gambiae in Africa
From the Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, GA 30041 (Lehmann, Licht, and Hawley); Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 (Lehmann and Licht); Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon (Elissa); National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Box 9653 Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania (Maega); National Malaria Control Center, P.O. Box 32509, Lusaka, Zambia (Chimumbwa); Laboratoire D'Entomologie, Avenue des Huileries, B.P. 1197, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Watsenga); and Laboratoire de l'Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Organisation de lutte Contre les Grandes Endemies en Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroon (Wondji and Simard).
Address correspondence to Tovi Lehmann at the address above, or e-mail: lbt2{at}cdc.gov.
The population structure of Anopheles gambiae in Africa was studied using 11 microsatellite loci in 16 samples from 10 countries. All loci are located outside polymorphic inversions. Heterogeneity among loci was detected and two putative outlier loci were removed from analyses aimed at capturing genome-wide patterns. Two main divisions of the gene pool were separated by high differentiation (FST > 0.1). The northwestern (NW) division included populations from Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and western Kenya. The southeastern (SE) division included populations from eastern Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, and Zambia. Inhospitable environments for A. gambiae along the Rift Valley partly separate these divisions. Reduced genetic diversity in the SE division and results of an analysis based on private alleles support the hypothesis that a recent bottleneck, followed by colonization from the NW populations shaped this structure. In the NW division, populations possessing the M rDNA genotype appeared to form a monophyletic clade. Although genetic distance increased with geographic distance, discontinuities were suggested between certain sets of populations. The absence of heterozygotes between sympatric M and S populations in the DRC and the high differentiation in locus 678 (
) contrasted with low differentiation in all other loci (
) and with the persistence of departures from Hardy–Weinberg expectations within each form in the DRC. Neither recent reproductive isolation alone nor selection alone can explain these results, a situation that is compatible with incipient speciation. Because it is possible that the molecular forms play different roles in malaria transmission, future studies should treat them separately.
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