Journal of Heredity Advance Access originally published online on April 9, 2007
Journal of Heredity 2007 98(3):250-257; doi:10.1093/jhered/esm012
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Analysis of Flavonoids in Flower Petals of Soybean Near-isogenic Lines for Flower and Pubescence Color Genes
From Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Science Museum, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan (Iwashina); National Institute of Crop Science, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan (Githiri, Benitez, and Takahashi); Graduate School of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan (Takemura); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan (Kitajima). Stephen M. Githiri is now at the Department of Crop Science, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30179, Nairobi, Kenya
Address correspondence to R. Takahashi at the address above, or e-mail: masako{at}affrc.go.jp.
W1, W3, W4, and Wm genes control flower color, whereas T and Td genes control pubescence color in soybean. W1, W3, Wm, and T are presumed to encode flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.88 [EC] ), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (EC 1.1.1.219 [EC] ), flavonol synthase (EC 1.14.11.23 [EC] ), and flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.21 [EC] ), respectively. The objective of this study was to determine the structure of the primary anthocyanin, flavonol, and dihydroflavonol in flower petals. Primary component of anthocyanin in purple flower cultivars Clark (W1W1 w3w3 W4W4 WmWm TT TdTd) and Harosoy (W1W1 w3w3 W4W4 WmWm tt TdTd) was malvidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside with delphinidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside as a minor compound. Primary flavonol and dihydroflavonol were kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside and aromadendrin 3-O-glucoside, respectively. Quantitative analysis of near-isogenic lines (NILs) for flower or pubescence color genes, Clark-w1 (white flower), Clark-w4 (near-white flower), Clark-W3w4 (dilute purple flower), Clark-t (gray pubescence), Clark-td (near-gray pubescence), Harosoy-wm (magenta flower), and Harosoy-T (tawny pubescence) was carried out. No anthocyanins were detected in Clark-w1 and Clark-w4, whereas a trace amount was detected in Clark-W3w4. Amount of flavonols and dihydroflavonol in NILs with w1 or w4 were largely similar to the NILs with purple flower suggesting that W1 and W4 affect only anthocyanin biosynthesis. Amount of flavonol glycosides was substantially reduced and dihydroflavonol was increased in Harosoy-wm suggesting that Wm is responsible for the production of flavonol from dihydroflavonol. The recessive wm allele reduces flavonol amount and inhibits co-pigmentation between anthocyanins and flavonols resulting in less bluer (magenta) flower color. Pubescence color genes, T or Td, had no apparent effect on flavonoid biosynthesis in flower petals.
Corresponding Editor: Reid Palmer
Received September 5, 2006
Accepted December 14, 2006
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