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Journal of Heredity Advance Access originally published online on August 5, 2009
Journal of Heredity 2009 100(6):675-680; doi:10.1093/jhered/esp069
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© The American Genetic Association. 2009. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Original Articles

Detection of Cytonuclear Genomic Dissociation in the North American Captive African Elephant Collection

Runhua Lei, Rick A. Brenneman, Dennis L. Schmitt, and Edward E. Louis, Jr

From the Grewcock's Center for Conservation and Research, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo, 3701 South 10th Street, Omaha, NE 68107 (Lei, Brenneman, and Louis); the Department of Agriculture, Missouri State University, 901 South National Avenue, Springfield, MO 65897 (Schmitt); and the Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation, Polk City, FL 33868 (Schmitt)

Address correspondence to Runhua Lei at the address above, or e-mail: leir{at}omahazoo.com.

A total of 114 captive elephants (6 Asian; 108 African) from 43 private institutions or North American zoos accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums were sampled and evaluated to investigate genetic status. Because previous analyses of the captive collection indicated potential cytonuclear dissociation between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence and microsatellite nuclear DNA genotype data, we investigated this phenomenon within the captive collection with 2 X-linked genes (BGN and PHKA2) and 1 Y-linked gene (AMELY). These data reveal that individuals with forest-derived elephant mtDNA lineages carried only savannah elephant nuclear gene haplotypes. These results are concordant with a previous study of wild populations sampled across Africa, indicating that cytonuclear genomic dissociation was captured in the founders of the North American African elephant collection. These results are important for resolving questions that can potentially impact future management and breeding programs related to the collection.

Key Words: cytonuclear genomic dissociation • forest elephant • nuclear gene • savannah elephant

Corresponding Editor: Warren Johnson

Received April 16, 2009
Revised June 8, 2009
Accepted July 8, 2009


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