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Journal of Heredity Advance Access published online on September 30, 2009
Journal of Heredity, doi:10.1093/jhered/esp079
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© The American Genetic Association. 2009. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Conservation genetics and biodiversity

Seasonal Changes in the Long-Distance Linkage Disequilibrium in Drosophila melanogaster

Masanobu Itoh, Noriko Nanba, Masako Hasegawa, Nobuyuki Inomata, Rumi Kondo, Miki Oshima, and Toshiyuki Takano-Shimizu

From the Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan (Itoh, Nanba, and Hasegawa); the Insect Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan (Itoh); the Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Inomata); the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (Kondo and Oshima); the Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (Kondo); the Department of Population Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan (Takano-Shimizu); the Department of Genetics, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan (Takano-Shimizu); the Department of Biosystems Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan (Takano-Shimizu); and the Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Takano-Shimizu)

Address correspondence to Dr. T. Takano-Shimizu, Department of Population Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan, or e-mail: totakano{at}lab.nig.ac.jp.

Seasonal environmental changes have the potential to influence the genetic structure of species with a short generation time, such as Drosophila. We previously found the seasonal change in linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the chemoreceptor (Cr) genes in a local Japanese population (Kyoto [KY]). This could be caused by fluctuation in the population size or selection in temporally heterogeneous environments or both. Here, we analyzed the scale of LD between 51 X-linked polymorphisms (10 Cr and 41 non-Cr gene markers) in the 2 seasonal samples from the KY population and an autumn sample from 106 localities in and around Japan (Ja03au). Many of the non-Cr genes have receptor function but fewer functional connections to each other. The magnitude of LD in Ja03au did not significantly differ from that in the KY autumn sample. The lack of local differentiation was confirmed in an autumn sample from another local Japanese population. On the other hand, the magnitude of LD was significantly larger in spring than in autumn in the 2 independent KY samples. This suggests that reduction in the population size during winter increased the magnitude of LD in spring in the mainland population in Japan. Long-distance LD could be a useful measure for assessing seasonal fluctuation in effective population size.

Key Words: Drosophila • linkage disequilibrium • population bottleneck • population structure • seasonal change

Corresponding Editor: Dr James Thompson

Received January 28, 2009
Revised June 1, 2009
Accepted August 17, 2009


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