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Journal of Heredity Advance Access published online on November 4, 2009
Journal of Heredity, doi:10.1093/jhered/esp089
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© The American Genetic Association. 2009. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Simultaneous Evaluation of Paternal and Maternal Immigrant Gene Flow and the Implications for the Overall Genetic Composition of Pinus densiflora Dispersed Seeds

Masakazu G. Iwaizumi, Makoto Takahashi, Atsushi Watanabe, and Masatoshi Ubukata

From the Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1, Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1301, Japan

Address correspondence to Masakazu G. Iwaizumi at the address above, or e-mail: ganchan{at}affrc.go.jp.

When considering the genetic implications of immigrant gene flow, it is important to evaluate both the proportions of immigrant gametes and their genetic composition. We simultaneously investigated paternal and maternal gene flow in dispersed seeds in a natural population of Pinus densiflora located along a ridge. The paternity and maternity of a total of 454 dispersed seeds (in 2004 and 2005) were accurately and separately assigned to 454 candidate adult trees, by analyzing the nuclear DNA of both diploid biparentally derived embryos and haploid maternally derived megagametophytes of the seeds. The relative genetic diversities and differences between within-population and immigrant groups of both paternally and maternally derived gametes (4 groups) that formed the genotypes of the seeds were evaluated. Using 8 microsatellite markers, we found that 64.0–72.6% of paternally derived gametes, and 17.8–20.2% of maternally derived gametes, were from other populations. Principal coordinate analysis showed that the 4 gamete groups tended to be plotted at different locations on the scattergram, indicating that they each have different genetic compositions. Substantial paternal and maternal immigrant gene flow occurred in this population, and therefore, the overall genetic variation of dispersed seeds is enhanced by both paternally and maternally derived immigrant gametes.

Key Words: genetic composition • immigrant gene flow • maternal gene flow • megagametophyte • paternal gene flow • Pinus densiflora

Corresponding editor: David B Wagner

Received March 16, 2009
Revised August 9, 2009
Accepted September 28, 2009


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