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Journal of Heredity Advance Access originally published online on June 1, 2006
Journal of Heredity 2006 97(4):403-408; doi:10.1093/jhered/esl001
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© The American Genetic Association. 2006. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Chloroplast DNA Variation Confirms a Single Origin of Domesticated Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

David M. Wills, and John M. Burke

From the Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 351634, Nashville, TN 37235

Address correspondence to J. M. Burke at the address above, or e-mail: john.m.burke{at}vanderbilt.edu. Address as of 1 August 2006 will be Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, or e-mail: jmburke{at}uga.edu.

Although sunflower was long thought to be the product of a single domestication in what is now the east-central United States, recent archaeological and genetic evidence have suggested the possibility of an independent origin of domestication, perhaps in Mexico. We therefore used hypervariable chloroplast simple-sequence repeat markers to search for evidence of a possible Mexican origin of domestication. This work resulted in the identification of 45 chloroplast haplotypes from 26 populations across the range of wild sunflower as well as 3 haplotypes from 15 domesticated lines, representing both primitive and improved cultivars. The 3 domesticated haplotypes were characterized by 1 primary haplotype (found at a frequency of 6.7% in the wild) as well as 2 rare haplotypes, which are most likely the products of mutation or introgression. One of these rare haplotypes was not observed in the wild, bringing the total number of haplotypes identifited to 46. A principal coordinate analysis revealed the presence of 3 major haplotype clusters, one of which contained the primary domesticated haplotype, the 2 rare domesticated variants, as well as haplotypes found across much of the range of wild sunflower. The Mexican haplotypes, on the other hand, fell well outside of this cluster. Although our data do not provide insight into the specific location of sunflower domestication, the relative rarity of the primary domesticated haplotype in the wild, combined with the dissimilarity between this haplotype and those found in the Mexican populations surveyed, provides further evidence that the extant domesticated sunflowers are the product of a single domestication event somewhere outside of Mexico.


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