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Journal of Heredity Advance Access published online on January 4, 2006
Journal of Heredity, doi:10.1093/jhered/esj006
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© The American Genetic Association. 2006. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.
Received September 20, 2004
Accepted October 25, 2005

Article

Shallow mtDNA Coalescence in Atlantic Pygmy Angelfishes (Genus Centropyge) Indicates a Recent Invasion from the Indian Ocean

B. W. Bowen 1 *, A. Muss 2, L. A. Rocha 1, and W. S. Grant 3

1 From the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, PO Box 1346, Kaneohe, HI 96744
2 From the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 333 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94105
3 From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska-Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
B. W. Bowen, E-mail: bbowen{at}hawaii.edu


  Abstract

Pygmy angelfishes (genus Centropyge) are widespread and species-rich in the Indo-Pacific, but only three species are recognized in the Atlantic: Centropyge resplendens on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Centropyge argi in the Caribbean, and Centropyge aurantonotus in Brazil and the southern Caribbean. Atlantic species are distinguished only by color patterns and are very similar to Centropyge acanthops (Cac) in the western Indian Ocean, raising the possibility that pygmy angelfish recently invaded the Atlantic Ocean via southern Africa. To test this zoogeographic hypothesis, we compared a 454-bp segment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region among pygmy angelfishes of the subgenus Xiphypops, which includes the three Atlantic species, the Indian Ocean species, and an Indo-Pacific species [Centropyge fisheri (Cfi)]. The Indian Ocean species Cac is closest to the Atlantic species (d = 0.059) relative to Cfi (d = 0.077). The mtDNA genealogy indicates a colonization pathway from the Indian Ocean directly to the West Atlantic, followed by at least two waves of dispersal to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The gene tree for the three Atlantic species is polyphyletic, raising questions about taxonomic assignments based on color pattern. Mismatch distributions place Atlantic founder events and population expansions at about 250,000-500,000 years ago. Estimates of effective female population sizes from mismatch and coalescence analyses are consistent with founder events by tens of individuals in the western Atlantic, followed by expansions to several million individuals.


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