Journal of Heredity Advance Access first published online on May 20, 2008
This version published online on October 22, 2008
Journal of Heredity, doi:10.1093/jhered/esn039
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A Worldwide Perspective on the Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in New Zealand
From the University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand (Tezanos-Pinto, Baker, Russell, Caballero, Lavery, Oremus, and Olavarría); the NOAA, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien); the Cascadia Research Collective, 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird); the Department of Conservation, Private Bag 4715, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand (Hutt); the New England Aquarium, Boston, MA 02110 (Stone); the Red Caribeña de Varamientos, PO Box 361715, San Juan, PR 00936-1715 (Mignucci-Giannoni); the Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan (Endo); the Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire d'Environnement BP 1013, Papetoai Moorea, French Polynesia (Oremus); the Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario, Plaza Munoz Gamero 105, Punta Arenas, Chile (Olavarría); and the Opération Cétacés, BP12827, 98802, Noumea, New Caledonia (Garrigue)
Address correpondence to G. Tezanos-Pinto at the address above, or e-mail: g.tezanospinto{at}auckland.ac.nz.
Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) occupy a wide range of coastal and pelagic habitats throughout tropical and temperate waters worldwide. In some regions, "inshore" and "offshore" forms or ecotypes differ genetically and morphologically, despite no obvious boundaries to interchange. Around New Zealand, bottlenose dolphins inhabit 3 coastal regions: Northland, Marlborough Sounds, and Fiordland. Previous demographic studies showed no interchange of individuals among these populations. Here, we describe the genetic structure and diversity of these populations using skin samples collected with a remote biopsy dart. Analysis of the molecular variance from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences (n = 193) showed considerable differentiation among populations (FST = 0.17, 
ST = 0.21, P < 0.001) suggesting little or no female gene flow or interchange. All 3 populations showed higher mtDNA diversity than expected given their small population sizes and isolation. To explain the source of this variation, 22 control region haplotypes from New Zealand were compared with 108 haplotypes worldwide representing 586 individuals from 19 populations and including both inshore and offshore ecotypes as described in the Western North Atlantic. All haplotypes found in the Pacific, regardless of population habitat use (i.e., coastal or pelagic), are more divergent from populations described as inshore ecotype in the Western North Atlantic than from populations described as offshore ecotype. Analysis of gene flow indicated long-distance dispersal among coastal and pelagic populations worldwide (except for those haplotypes described as inshore ecotype in the Western North Atlantic), suggesting that these populations are interconnected on an evolutionary timescale. This finding suggests that habitat specialization has occurred independently in different ocean basins, perhaps with Tursiops aduncus filling the ecological niche of the inshore ecotype in some coastal regions of the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.
Key Words: tursiops truncatus • bottlenose dolphin • ecotype • population structure • genetic diversity • New Zealand
Corresponding Editor: Steve O'Brien
References and acknowledgements in this article have been updated.
Received November 14, 2007
Accepted April 15, 2008